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By Katherine Roth - The Associated Press
NEW YORK (AP)
- One of the nation's leading science museums has quietly shaken
up the universe by suggesting that Pluto is not necessarily a
planet at all but just a lump of ice.
The startling
suggestion comes from scientists at the Rose Center for Earth
and Space, which opened last year at the American Museum of Natural
History in New York.
There is
a 9-foot-diameter model of Jupiter hanging from the ceiling at
the center. There is Saturn with its rings, Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Neptune and Uranus. But what about Pluto, long considered
the ninth planet in the solar system?
A solar system
display says: ``Beyond the outer planets is the Kuiper Belt of
comets, a disk of small, icy worlds including Pluto.''
``There is
no scientific insight to be gained by counting planets,'' says
Neil de Grasse Tyson, director of the Hayden Planetarium, the
centerpiece of the Rose Center. ``Eight or nine, the numbers don't
matter.''
Many astronomers
say the museum, the first prominent institution to take this position,
has overstepped its bounds.
``Tyson is
so far off base with Pluto, it's like he's in a different universe,''
says David Levy, author of ``Clyde Tombaugh, Discoverer of Planet
Pluto,'' about the Kansas farm boy who first spotted Pluto. ``The
majority of astronomers have said that unless there is definitive
evidence to the contrary, Pluto stays a major planet.''
The International
Astronomical Union calls Pluto one of nine planets in the solar
system, and a 1999 proposal to list Pluto as both a planet and
a member of the Kuiper Belt was abandoned after it drew strong
opposition from astronomers who did not want to diminish Pluto's
status.
Pluto has
always been a little different: Its composition is like a comet's,
and its elliptical orbit is tilted 17 degrees from the orbits
of the other planets.
When Pluto
was discovered in 1930, it was thought to be about the same size
as Earth, but astronomers have now learned that it is only 1,413
miles wide - smaller than the Earth's moon.
Then, in
1992, astronomers discovered the first Kuiper Belt object, and
since then have found hundreds of chunks of rock and ice beyond
Neptune, including about 70 that share orbits similar to Pluto's.
The Rose
Center says there is no universal definition of a planet and instead
divides the solar system into the sun and five families of objects.
There are
terrestrial planets, or small, dense rocky objects like Mercury,
Venus, Earth and Mars; an asteroid belt consisting of craggy chunks
of rock and iron between Mars and Jupiter; the gas giants, which
are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune; and two reservoirs of
comets, the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt. And Pluto?
``It's in
the Kuiper Belt,'' Tyson says. ``What's it made of? It's mostly
ice.''
Tyson says
there is a precedent to demoting planets: Ceres was called a planet
in 1801 and later demoted. Critics counter that Ceres, which is
only 580 miles wide, was only considered a planet for a year,
while Pluto has been a major planet for more than 70 years. In
addition, they say, there was consensus among astronomers in the
case of Ceres.
Still, others
praise the museum for its bold move.
``People
just don't like the idea that you can change the number of planets,''
says David Jewit, a professor at the University of Hawaii who
co-discovered the first Kuiper Belt object. ``The Rose Center
is just slightly ahead of its time.''
Jane Levenson,
an ``explainer'' at the Rose center, says visitors - mostly kids
- sometimes ask about the missing Pluto.
``We just
explain that there are five types of objects that circle the sun,''
she says. ``We don't make a big deal about Pluto.''
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